tr

Translate characters: run replacements based on single characters and character sets.

• Replace all occurrences of a character in a file, and print the result:

tr {find_character} {replace_character} < {filename}

• Replace all occurrences of a character from another command's output:

echo {text} | tr {find_character} {replace_character}

• Map each character of the first set to the corresponding character of the second set:

tr '{abcd}' '{jkmn}' < {filename}

• Delete all occurrences of the specified set of characters from the input:

tr -d '{input_characters}' < {filename}

• Compress a series of identical characters to a single character:

tr -s '{input_characters}' < {filename}

• Translate the contents of a file to upper-case:

tr "[:lower:]" "[:upper:]" < {filename}

• Strip out non-printable characters from a file:

tr -cd "[:print:]" < {filename}

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