od

Display file contents in octal, decimal or hexadecimal format.

Optionally display the byte offsets and/or printable representation for each line.

• Display file using default settings: octal format, 8 bytes per line, byte offsets in octal, and duplicate lines replaced with `*`:

od {path/to/file}

• Display file in verbose mode, i.e. without replacing duplicate lines with `*`:

od -v {path/to/file}

• Display file in hexadecimal format (2-byte units), with byte offsets in decimal format:

od --format={x} --address-radix={d} -v {path/to/file}

• Display file in hexadecimal format (1-byte units), and 4 bytes per line:

od --format={x1} --width={4} -v {path/to/file}

• Display file in hexadecimal format along with its character representation, and do not print byte offsets:

od --format={xz} --address-radix={n} -v {path/to/file}

• Read only 100 bytes of a file starting from the 500th byte:

od --read-bytes {100} --skip-bytes={500} -v {path/to/file}

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